and Sedunov, Yu.S., Protsessy koagulyatsii v dispesnykh sistemakh (Coagulation Processes in Disperse Systems), Leningrad: Gidrometizdat, 1975. Zapryanov, Z., Tabakova, S., Dynamics of Bubbles, Drops and Rigid Particles, Dortrecht: Kluwer, 1999. and Brenner, H., Low Reynolds Number Hydrodynamics with Special Applications to Particulate Media, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965. Polyanin, A.D., Kutepov, A.M., Vyazmin, A.V., and Kazenin, D.A., Hydrodynamics, Mass and Heat Transfer in Chemical Engineering, London: Taylor and Francis, 2002. Mednikov, E.P., Turbulentnyi perenos i osazhdenie aerozolei (Turbulent Transfer and Aerosol Deposition), Moscow: Nauka, 1980. III: Experimental Investigation of the Wake behind a Sphere at Low Reynolds Numbers, Rep. Levich, V.G., Fiziko-khimicheskaya gidrodinamika (Physicochemical Fluid Dynamics), Moscow: Fizmatgiz, 1962. and Breach, D.R., On the Flow past a Sphere at Low Reynolds Numbers, J. Michaelides, E.E., Particles, Bubbles and Drops: Their Motion, Heat and Mass Transfer, Singapore: World Science, 2006.Ĭhester, W. and Pearson, J.R., Expansion at Small Reynolds Number for the Flow past a Sphere and Circular Cylinder, J. Soo, S.L., Fluid Dynamics of Multiphase Systems, London: Blaisdell, 1970. and Shchegolev, V.V., Gidrodinamika, masso- i teploperenos v kolonnykh apparatakh (Fluid Dynamics and Mass and Heat Transfer in Columns), Leningrad: Khimiya, 1988. White Frank M.Clift, R., Grace, J.R., and Weber, M.E., Bubbles, Drops, and Particles, New York: Academic, 1978.īird, R., Stewart, W.E., and Lightfoot, E., Transport Phenomena, New York: Wiley, 1960.īrounshtein, B.I.Department of Energy, THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOW. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1, 2 and 3. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, Fifth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN: 978-7-0 Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant Systems. Nuclear Systems Volume I: Thermal Hydraulic Fundamentals, Second Edition. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer 4th edition, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317 Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 8-1. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983). On the other hand, at high Reynolds number, the pressure drop is significant, which increases form drag. This is especially the case for highly streamlined bodies such as airfoils. When the friction and pressure drag coefficients are available, the total drag coefficient is determined by simply adding them:Īt low Reynolds numbers, most drag is due to friction drag. It may also depend on the Reynolds number and the surface roughness. As can be seen, the drag coefficient is primarily a function of the shape of the body and taking into account both skin friction and form drag. For hollow objects, the reference area may be significantly larger than the cross sectional area, but for non-hollow objects, it is exactly the same as a cross sectional area. The reference area, A, is defined as the area of the orthographic projection of the object on a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion. As was written, the drag characteristics of a body is represented by the dimensionless drag coefficient, C D, defined as:
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